As your most vital organ, your brain drives everything from memory and focus to mood and learning. Certain vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats help your brain perform at its best by keeping your nerves working properly, protecting brain cells from damage, and supporting clear thinking.
B vitamins, especially B6, B9 (folate), and B12, are key for brain health. These vitamins lower homocysteine, a substance that can harm memory and thinking when levels get too high. They also help your brain make neurotransmitters (important brain chemicals), such as serotonin and dopamine, which influence mood, memory, and focus.
Research shows that getting enough B6, B9, and B12 may help slow brain atrophy (age-related brain shrinkage) and support memory in older adults. Studies are less clear on whether these vitamins can actually prevent dementia. The most significant benefits were seen in people who didn’t get enough of the vitamins to begin with.
While B vitamins aren’t a cure-all for brain health, they’re important for keeping your mind working properly, especially as you age. Not getting enough B vitamins can lead to problems like anemia (low red blood cells), which can cause low energy, trouble focusing, or mood changes.
For most adults, the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) is about 1.3-2 milligrams of B6, 400 micrograms of folate, and 2.4 micrograms of B12. While many people can get enough from food, people following a vegan diet and older adults may need a supplement, especially for B12.
Leafy greens, legumes, eggs, fish, poultry, dairy products, and fortified cereals are all good sources of B vitamins.
Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant, which means it helps protect brain cells from damage over time. This protection may help preserve memory and keep your brain working well as you age.
Some studies suggest that vitamin E may slow memory loss in people with Alzheimer’s disease, while others find little benefit for healthy adults. Because high-dose supplements can increase health risks, it’s best to focus on food sources of vitamin E, which appear most helpful for brain health.
The RDA for vitamin E is 15 milligrams (22.4 international units (IU)) per day for adults. Most people in the United States fall short of this, but it can usually be met through diet.
Good food sources of vitamin E include nuts and seeds (like almonds, sunflower seeds, and hazelnuts), spinach, broccoli, avocados, and vegetable oils (such as sunflower and safflower).
Vitamin D helps regulate mood and supports the growth and protection of brain cells. Low levels have been tied to depression, memory problems, and an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease.
Research also shows that people deficient in vitamin D often perform worse on memory and thinking tests. While supplements don’t seem to benefit people with normal vitamin D levels, maintaining healthy vitamin D through sunlight, diet, or supplementation when needed is important for brain and mental health.
The RDA for vitamin D is 600 IU (15 micrograms) per day for people ages 1-70, and 800 IU (20 micrograms) per day for adults over age 70. Some people may need higher doses if they are deficient in vitamin D, but it’s best to check blood levels and consult with a healthcare provider before taking supplements.
Fatty fish (like salmon, mackerel, and sardines), fortified dairy products, egg yolks, and mushrooms provide vitamin D. Sunlight exposure also helps your body make vitamin D naturally.
Multivitamins provide a mix of essential vitamins and minerals in one dose, which can help fill in gaps when your diet falls short. Since brain health relies on many different vitamins and minerals, multivitamins can act as a backup plan.
Research on multivitamins and brain health is mixed. Some studies show that they may improve memory and attention in older adults, while others find little effect. They seem most helpful for people with deficiencies rather than those already eating a balanced diet.
A daily multivitamin can be useful if your diet is limited or you have higher nutrient needs. However, it’s not a substitute for a well-balanced diet, and high doses of certain vitamins can be harmful.
There’s no one-size-fits-all dosage, since multivitamin formulations vary widely. Most standard multivitamins provide close to 100% of the Daily Value (DV) for key nutrients. Choosing a reputable brand with appropriate levels, without megadoses, is generally recommended.
Whole foods remain the best source of vitamins and minerals for brain health. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, dairy, legumes, nuts, and seeds will provide the nutrients your brain needs naturally.
Magnesium is an essential mineral that supports nerve and muscle function, blood pressure regulation, and many other body processes. Magnesium helps brain cells communicate and may improve sleep and focus. Good sources include leafy greens, nuts, seeds, and whole grains.
Zinc is an essential mineral that you must get through diet, as your body doesn’t make it on its own. The mineral supports memory and learning, and a zinc deficiency can slow mental processing. Zinc is found in many foods such as oysters, beef, poultry, beans, and pumpkin seeds.
Omega-3 fatty acids are a polyunsaturated fat that you need to get through diet. Omega-3s, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are crucial for building brain cell membranes and may protect against age-related cognitive decline. Good food sources include fish oil and plant sources like flaxseeds and walnuts.
Iron carries oxygen to the brain and supports energy metabolism. Low iron levels can cause anemia, leading to fatigue, brain fog, and difficulty concentrating. Red meat, chicken, lentils, beans, and spinach are good sources of iron.
Choline is a chemical compound that helps make acetylcholine, a brain chemical needed for learning and memory. Some research has linked higher choline levels to lower levels of biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease and other age-related cognitive decline.
Rich sources include eggs, beef liver, soybeans, and cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and Brussels sprouts.
While vitamins and supplements can support brain health, they’re not without risks. Taking more than your body needs may lead to side effects, and in some cases, high doses can be harmful. For example, too much vitamin E may increase bleeding risk, while excess vitamin B6 can cause nerve damage over time.
When choosing a supplement, look for third-party testing or certifications that verify quality and purity. Avoid products that promise “miracle cures” or contain megadoses far above the recommended daily values.
It’s also important to remember that supplements can interact with medications. Vitamin K, for instance, can interfere with blood thinners, while high-dose fish oil may increase bleeding risk if combined with certain drugs.
Before starting any new vitamin or supplement regimen, it’s best to consult with a healthcare provider. They can help determine whether you have a deficiency, recommend the right dosage, and make sure supplements are safe alongside your current medications.
